We demonstrate how perovskite hysteresis can result in permanent reductions in power output in perovskite/silicon tandem modules—including irreversible hotspot-induced damage—from only brief periods of shading.

In this work, we find that the crystallization of ALD TiOx is very sensitive to the film’s thickness, where a small increase in TiOx thickness can trigger a phase change from amorphous TiOx into anatase, which causes a significant increase in J0s. More importantly, we demonstrate that the incorporation of Al ions into the TiOx films inhibits crystallization, which in turn retains excellent passivation for thicker TiOx.

• Optimizing module design for a maximum annual performance. • Detailed gain and loss analysis from cell under STC to module in real environment. • Understanding the impact of module material on the annual module yield. • Impact of angular light, temperatures, lower irradiances on module performance. • Impact of weather condition (ambient temperature, wind speed) on module performance.